Religion Has Played An Important Role In The History Of

Religion has played an important role in the history of the United States and in creating the colonies of the New World in many ways. Religion was definitely one of the major reasons for the establishment of the colonies. The early colonists wanted the freedom to worship God as they seen as proper, and they were promised this freedom of worship. Most of these colonies were deeply rooted in their religious beliefs. Religion strongly influenced the social and political life of the colonial times in the New World. Generally, in the colonies, the church was normally a large building in the center of a town, and was used not only for a place of worship, but it was also used for town meetings and community gatherings. Many times a church†¦show more content†¦The Quakers and Puritans moved from their homes in Europe and England as a result of religious unfairness. They sought to reform the Anglican religious practice, which was to â€Å"purify† the church and later b ecame known as the Puritans (Wood). They demanded for the elimination of all Roman Catholic rituals and wanted to simplify religion to its basics (Shi, 42). The Puritans landed in American where new colonies were created. The Puritans did not accept those that believed differently than they did. They were forced to leave England because of their refusal to worship in Anglican churches. The Puritans denied citizenship to the Quakers and others who believed in a different form of worship. The Quakers had also refused to support the Church of England and were led by William Penn. The Quakers stamped their values on the government of Pennsylvania. Other Puritans that were not as radical in their religious views later established settlements along the Massachusetts Bay (Wood). The Pilgrims main reason in coming to America was that they were searching for the freedom to worship. The Pilgrims, defined as a person who journeys to a place for religious reasons, were also known as Separatists and were the first permanent English settlement in New England. The Separatists were with the Pilgrims who journeyed across the Atlantic and settled the first permanent English settlement, Plymouth Colony in New England. TheShow MoreRelatedThroughout history religion has played an important role influencing various societies. Religious1800 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout history religion has played an important role influencing various societies. Religious beliefs have been embedded in legal systems, social status, economics, sexuality and politics in ancient and modern societies. This concept is applicable to Ancient Athens. The Greek religion consisted of various Gods and Goddesses that represented different elements of Greek life. The practice of various gods or poly theism is ta partria. The religion of Greeks differs drastically from Western formsRead MoreChristianity And The Modern World Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pages Ideologies has played a major part in today’s society, especially cultural ideologies. An ideology in and of itself is defined by Merriam-Webster’s as â€Å"the set of ideas and beliefs of a group or political party† . Ideologies play such huge roles in our lives since they are essentially how some people identity themselves. These ideologies can be political, social, economic, cultural and more. They all define who we represent in our everyday lives as individuals. Likewise, a major religious ideologyRead MoreModern Political History of Israel and Iran1435 Words   |  6 Pages Since World War II, religion has played a significant role in the modern political history of Israel and Iran. Both countries are self-defined theological states (Israel as a Jewish state, Iran as an Islamic state). Although the i mpact of religion changes across time and context, religion has largely defined political identity for both Israel and Iran. Yet, modern states are host to many paradoxes. Religion is important in defining these states, however the workings of each country are not alwaysRead MoreThe Common Themes Of Environmental Effects On Religion1565 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the history of many civilizations, certain characteristics have presented themselves and many of which have been recognized as a commonality in several societies. These frequently seen patterns in history provide important insights to the functions and behaviors of ancient civilizations. There are many commonalities that are existent in many civilizations, but three clearly emerge, as they are fundamental to many societies’ cultures. The common themes of environmental effects on religion, combinationRead MoreThe History Of America Research Paper909 Words   |  4 Pagesof Rights. Understanding these connection s is important as they are a major part of American history. By understanding these connections you can better understand not just the history of the United States, but also the history of the world. Connections such as those between the Enlightenment and the U.S. Constitution, the Northwest Ordinance and the Bill of Rights, plus the Magna Carta and the Northwest Ordinance are substantial and played a crucial role in shaping the United States as it is todayRead MoreMusic And Community : Native American Music1199 Words   |  5 Pagesdetails about history of Native American Music and themes which represents the religion and music. It also gives importance’s to the music which are used based on the events and their significances of the person related towards the history. The broad view points of the Native American music which give the reasons why the songs are interested in the light of enjoying it. Analysis of Native America Music Native American music was first accomplished by United States. Music played an important role in theRead MoreEssay about Cultural History of Alcohol1104 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol has been the lifeblood of civilization dating thousands of years back in time, and it is clear to see the culture impact it has made throughout history. People perceive alcohol in many different ways; depending on gender, age, religious background, or social upbringing. Throughout history alcohol has affected different cultures and various demographics. It has been a source of pleasure and aesthetic in many cultures, along with being one of the oldest rites of passage, especially in modernRead MoreThe Religious Belief System Of Mithraism1335 Words   |  6 Pagesshed upon this religion, it is still a belief system with many interesting quality and depth. Mithraism s a religion that is similar to Christianity, as it follows similar principles and beliefs, but what they believe in and why they believe it is quite different as it originated in first century B.C. in Greece by Iranians. It stands independently as a religion with many practices that must gain more recognition. This is because their belief system can be dated back to ancient history, with faith thatRead MoreThe Contribution of Prophets in History858 Words   |  4 Pagesold one. In the Greek religion there were prophets of Zeus, Apollo, and other gods. The Bible refers to prophets of Yahweh, Baal, and other regional deities. Christians refer to John the Baptist as a prophet of the Christian god, and Muslims refer to Muhammad as the Prophet, the last and greatest of the prophets of Allah. According to what the prophets did we can say that their main purpose was conveying religious guidance to people. But history has also shown that their role many times goes furtherRead MoreAnthropology Is The Comparative Study Of Human Societies, Cultures And Their Development Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pagestheir development. There i s a need to understand various human aspects both in the past and in the present which has led to a massive growth in the field. Cultural anthropology specifically analyses the norms and the values of societies (Bodley, 4). Anthropologist should have a strong understanding of the interactions that exist between human beings and their environment. It is important for anthropologist to carry out case studies, visit study sites and get first-hand information on what exactly emerges

Speech Before The Reichstag, By Lyndon B. Johnson

Whether it is persuading a nation to commit racial genocide, or persuading them to end racial prejudices, powerful speeches use specific rhetorical devices and appealing diction to achieve their desired effect. In Adolf Hitler’s â€Å"Speech before the Reichstag,† January 30, 1937, (two years before the beginning of WWII) Adolf Hitler called for a â€Å"radical extermination† of the â€Å"cause of this critical situation† referring to what he considered racial impurity. His spell of Stoicism cast upon the ethically diverse culture lead to them being brought in camps by the trainload and killed off quickly, leaving behind the dark shadow of the bloodiest event in human history. Twenty-eight years later, in the cool month of march, Lyndon B. Johnson gave his â€Å"We shall Overcome† speech. This speech was in response to the events that had occurred in Selma, Alabama earlier that week. The nation watched armed police-forces prevent peaceful protests and the African American children from entering white schools, despite the Civil Rights Act signed after the â€Å"Brown v.s. Board of Education† by President Johnson one year prior. He urged the public to end their pre-dispositioned prejudices for African American people. Both speeches guided a nation, one towards justice and the other towards injustice. However, how they achieve this effect has many similarities. Addressing their audience’s, L.B.J. spoke,â€Å"I speak tonight for the dignity of men and destiny of democracy...†Ã¢â‚¬ ...every member of bothShow MoreRelatedBerlin Wall6826 Words   |  28 Pages1962). He vowed publicly that his ultimatum in 1961 would not be withdrawn at it was in 1958. President Kennedy called upon the people of the United States to prepare for war on July 25, 1961. He stated â€Å"We do not want to fight, but we have fought before, it would be a mistake for others to look upon Berlin, because of its location as a tempting target† (Heller, 1962). August 1, 1961, over a thousand people were registered in twenty-four hours at the Marienfelde Refugee Reception Center (HellerRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 Pagesin the world 4 S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Understanding History through Historical Phases Understanding History through Historical Phases History of Social Work – UK USA Social Work during primitive stage (before 1200 AD) Social Work during 1200 -1500 A.D Social Work during 1500 – 1600 A.D. Social Work during 1500 – 1600 A.D. Social Work during 1600 -1800 A.D. Social Work during 1800 -1900 A.D. Social Work during 1900 onwards Tofler‟s Agricultural Society:

Week 2 APA Paper Free Essays

The Industrial Revolution would usher in a new era type and publication, particular with Lord Stanhope†s invention of the all cast-iron printing press, doubling the usable paper size and drastically reducing the use of normal labor. In 1810 the halftone process was developed, allowing for the first photo to be printed on a range of full tones. This in turn introduced a wave of sensationalist tabloids and the launch of a new craze: celebrities. We will write a custom essay sample on Week 2 APA Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tabloids like the New York Daily News and the New York Daily Mission prohibited photo spreads [sometimes real, sometimes manipulation] of stars like Rudolph Valentino with eminence success. One reason that it was so successful was that it reduced the manpower it took to run the press and all though movie stars sure loved those new presses. These days, our lives are much easier than before, from new inventions such as cell phones and ‘pods. But to answer this question I have to go to the books. As technology advanced and mass production flourished, cities in Europe and the United States grew rapidly as people sought employment in factories. Political power shifted from the aristocracy, to the capitalist manufactories, merchants, and the working class. The capitalist replaced the landowner as the most powerful force in the western world. Investing in machines for mass manufacturing became the basic for change and industry. As this supply and demand became the force behind the output. It was a time for optimism and wealth, but not without it’s social cost. Long thirteen-hour days, unsanitary and filthy living conditions, women and children among the workforce, overproduction, economic depression, and the loss of Jobs due to new improvement in technology took their tolls. Critics of this new industrial age declared that civilization was shifting from humanist values to a preoccupation with material goods. But with all this new technology, public education, literacy flourished nd the need for reading material became more important and widely available. Mass production of goods brought with it an overpowering need for mass communications. The nature of visual information was profoundly changed. A greater range of typographic sizes for broadsides and letterforms exploded. The nineteenth century was a prolific period for type face design and brought about such new classifications as egyption and sanserif, as well as outrageously decorative and novelty type faces. How to cite Week 2 APA Paper, Papers

Georges T-Shirts free essay sample

Georges T-Shirts Synopsis: George Lassiter was a project engineer for a major defense contractor. He had an interesting side business of manufacturing and designing T-shirts for rock concerts, sporting events, and fund-raising events. George sold the shirts to his regular crew of vendors for $100 per dozen, and these vendors sold the public for $10 per shirt. He wanted to sell his shirts on a rock concert that was going to be held in two months. He was sure that 20,000 tickets for the standing area around the stage would be bought by devoted fans, but he was not sure of the number of people who will attend the concert, and the percentage of the attendees who will buy the shirts. George thought in terms of three possibilities specifically 80,000, 50,000 and 20,000 grand seats which he assumed to be high, medium and low respectively. The probability of 50,000 was as likely as either of the two possibilities combined. We will write a custom essay sample on Georges T-Shirts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And 80,000 and 20,000 were about equally likely, or 80,000 was more likely than 20,000. He also thought regarding his designs and quality of the shirts, his sales could be ten percent (about 6 times out of 10), five percent, or fifteen (1 time out of 10) percent of the attendance. George requested a cost estimate of shirts supply which is presented in the below table: Order Size Cost 10,000 $32,125 7,500 $25,250 5,000 $17,750 1. Standing Area Attendance 20,000 2. Sale Price to George from Concert Sales: $100 per Dozen or $8. 33 per T-shirt 3. Sale Price of leftover T-shirts to discount clothing chain $1. 50 Per T-shirt Georges Predictions Item/Option Qty Probability Grandstand Attendance-High. Grandstand attendance-Medium 50,000 0. 5 Grandstand Attendance-Low 20,000 0. 2 Percent of Concert-goers to buy Shirt-High 15% 0. 1 Percent of Concert-goers to buy Shirt-Medium 10% 0. 6 Percent of Concert-goers to buy Shirt-Low 5% 0. 3 Objectives: 1. To find out how many people will attend the concert? 2. To find out how many people will buy T-shirts? 3. To calculate the financial outcomes of these three scenarios. 4. To maximize the profit. Decision Problem: How many shirts to order for the upcoming rock concert? Alternatives: The possible alternatives are 10,000, 7,500 and 5,000 shirts. The decision will affect the costs and revenues generated from the sale of the number of shirts. The revenue will be affected by the sale price and sales volume. The sales volume is in turn affected by the number of attendees at the concert.

History of Human Rights free essay sample

In 1990, the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam was established in order to create human rights laws in the nation of Islam. The Cairo Declaration states all the basic human rights that people of Islam had, but the problem with the document is it restricts those same human rights by stating in article 24, â€Å"All the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic Shariah. † If the Shari’ah has a contradictory statement to what is in the Cairo Declaration, the human rights of any individual may be restricted, because the Shari’ah has more control over the rights of individuals in Islam. The Cairo Declaration is differs from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, because it still restricts individual’s freedoms, unlike the Declaration of Human Rights which enables human rights. The existence of the Cairo Declaration suggests there was a weakness in the international human rights movement in the 1980’s and 1990’s, because it shows that Islam still has the power to limit the natural rights of its citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Human Rights or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The 1990 Cairo Declaration differs from the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, because the Cairo Declaration has sections that conflicts some of the rights of humans in the Declaration of Human Rights. In section 19d of the Cairo Declaration it states, â€Å"There shall be no crime or punishment except as provided for in the Shariah,† this can include stoning for adultery, a cruel and inhumane punishment. In the Declaration of Human rights, Article 5 states, â€Å"No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. † Clearly, section 19d of the Cairo Declaration differs from Article 5 in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, because the Cairo Declaration allows for cruel punishments of individuals who commit criminal acts such as adultery or theft, while the Universal Declaration of Human Rights believes that violates the rights of humans. Another conflict between the two documents is between Article 10 of the Cairo Declaration and Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 10 of the Cairo Declaration states, â€Å"Islam is the religion Of true unspoiled nature. It is prohibited to exercise any form of pressure on man or to exploit his poverty or ignorance in order to force him to change his religion to another religion or to atheism,† while Article 18 of the Declaration of Rights states, â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.   Under the Shari’ah, if one were to leave the faith of Islam, that individual would be punished with death, so it restricts the rights of those living in Islam to have the freedom of religion, which conflicts with the Declaration of Rights, which gives all people the freedom of religion. Another difference between the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Cairo Declaration is the Cairo Declaration is subject to the Islamic Shari’ah and the Shari’ah is the only source of reference of explanation or clarification of the articles in the Cairo Declaration. Basically, the whole Cairo Declaration is based upon the Shari’ah, which limits the rights of individuals and the Universal Declaration of Human rights is not based on a religious aspect that limits human freedoms. An example of the Shari’ah limiting the rights of humans in the Cairo Declaration is in Article 19a, it states, â€Å"All individuals are equal before the law, without distinction between the ruler and the ruled,† basically stating that all people are created equal, just like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The problem with Article 19a is the Shari’ah only gives women’s testimony in court is only half of a man’s. Since the Cairo Declaration is subject to the Shari’ah, women do not have equal rights of men under law, so not all individuals are equal under the law. The fact that the Cairo Declaration exists suggests that the 1980’s and 1990’s international human rights movement was weak, because the people of Islam did not get full human rights, for the Shari’ah and the Cairo document were limiting their rights. The Cairo Declaration gave the people of Islam all the basic fundamental rights, but at the end of the document, it repeals most of the rights it has already given by stating that the document itself was subject to the laws of the Shari’ah, which limits some of the rights given in the Cairo Declaration. The 1980’s and 1990’s international movement was weak, because even when it tried to have the fundamental human rights established in all areas, there were areas such as Islam that found a way to limit its people’s freedoms, while still creating a declaration that â€Å"gives† them their fundamental rights. Other areas like Islam, found ways around giving their people the fundamental human rights, causing the international human rights movement to be weak and ineffective. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam is a document that gave the people of Islam basic human rights, but then limited those rights by being subject to the Shari’ah. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights differs from the Cairo Declaration, because the Cairo limits the freedoms of the people of Islam, but the Declaration of Rights gives all humans fundamental rights. Article 24 and 25 of the Cairo Declaration are the reasons the people of Islam have restricted rights, instead of all the fundamental rights a person should have according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Work Cited The organization of Islamic Confernce. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . â€Å"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. . Honor Code On my honor, I pledge that I did not give nor receive any help on this assignment.

Best Part-Time Jobs for Moms in 2018

Best Part-Time Jobs for Moms in 2018 If you’re a parent, you already know you’ve got one of the best jobs around, with highly demanding (but adorable) bosses. But if you’re also in the market for a paying gig that balances with your mom life, there are lots of great options out there for you that don’t involve a cubicle and a 9-to-5 weekday grind. Flexible and part-time jobs are great because they give you more power over your own schedule, and can really help balance your home needs with your professional ones. We’ve compiled a ton of resources for you to explore as you start down the path of finding a part-time job that lets you work and earn money while still leaving time to concentrate much of your week on parenting.First, Prepare YourselfOnce you’ve zeroed in on the job(s) you want, make sure you have your job application package in order. You’re ready to take the plunge into the part-time working world- make sure your toolbox is stacked with all you need to conquer the job application process.6 Part-Time Job Interview Strategies You Must KnowThe Ultimate 6 Step Guide to Resume WritingThen, once you’re all set to apply and get that part-time gig, it’s time to start exploring your options.Jobs Where You Might Not Have to Leave the HouseAs you look for your part-time gig, it’s also important to consider how you want to be working. Are you able to spend some hours away from home? Would you prefer to work at home? If you ideally want to aim for a gig you can do from a home office (or a home laptop on your bed!), there’ are a lot of opportunities out there- you just have to be smart about knowing what’s out there.The good news here is that with so many telecommuting tools online, many jobs can be done from virtually anywhere- especially digital-focused jobs.  It is absolutely possible to sneak in a few hours of work during naptimes or drop-off playdates.Here is some inspiration to get you started.Top 10 Work From Home JobsWhat Are Some Part Time Jobs You Can Do From Home?10 Jobs Where You Can Telecommute and Make a Great SalaryHow to Get a Career Doing Data EntryJump Start Your Career as an Administrative FreelancerWhat Are Some Part-Time Jobs You Can Do From Home?Jobs Where You Can Earn a Lot by the HourParenting is a time-consuming and difficult job. If you’re looking to  supplement your mom gig with another paid job, you ideally want to make the most of your precious time- and that means finding a job where you’re paid well for your work. Take a look at the following, which offer options for jobs that are both part-time  and come with a high rate. The best of both worlds is definitely possible- you just have to know where to look!9 Part-Time Jobs That Pay Very Well10 Highest Paying Part-Time Jobs21 Part-Time Jobs That Pay More Than $20 Per HourShow Me The Money: 8 Good-Paying Part-Time JobsJobs That Let You Enjoy Your Non-Work LifeParenting is lovely and amazing, but we know it’s hard enough as it is (and it’s already an all-consuming full-time gig). Adding an outside job on top of that has the possibility of making you feel overwhelmed and unable to focus on your family, your hobbies, your relaxation, and yourself. Check out some jobs that offer the promise of a nice balance of work, family, and life outside of your many obligations.Top 5 Jobs for Work-Life Balance11 Flexible Jobs for Working ParentsTop 12 High Paying Part-Time Jobs With Good Work-Life BalanceAnd on top of finding a part-time job that leaves time for you to enjoy your life, you also might want to be on the lookout for one that comes with perks. You don’t need to have a full-time, salaried gig in order to enjoy the benefits of the working world. Check out some of the following companies, who are known to reward all employees handsomely.10 Companies With Amazing Benefits for Part-Time EmployeesJobs That Use Your Parenting SkillsAnd don’t be afraid to thi nk outside the box a little. For example, nannying/daycare might seem like a little too much parenting, but it would allow you to spend time with your own children while also earning money. After all, as a parent, you likely already have the kid-wrangling skills that would make you an awesome caregiver for other children as well.How to Become a NannyHow to Write a Perfect Caregiver ResumeJobs Where You Work For YourselfIt might also be time to think about whether you want to start your own business, as a side hustle to your primary priorities. Talk about working on your own terms- these jobs let you design your own schedule and hours. They likely require a lot more energy upfront and all the accountability falls on you, but you are the boss here and you call the shots.Side Hustle: How to Make Money on the Side7 Strategies for Your Side HustleThe Job of Your DreamsFinally, if you’re trying to live the dream (and have a job that will not only be the envy of your peers, but also your kids), there really are jobs that allow you to watch Netflix for a living. Seriously.These Netflix Jobs Will Pay You to Watch MoviesGood luck!

MGMT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGMT - Assignment Example The rule further helps to clarify that small retail business are not part of this rule which means that they are not affected by it. This regulation will affect my business in terms of accessing government procurement programs as well as obtaining financial support (Regulations.gov, para-1). The regulation try to define what is a small business as a sized standard and include all its branches. This proposal was put forth to provide clarity on the category of each operating business that has employees. It further provides the basis of whether a business qualifies for acquiring government procurement contract. I am against the proposed regulation because it has limited applicability in the actual situation. It fails to recognise other business such as retail trade enterprises as part of small business. Further, it represents just the opposite by stating that a small business is a standard sized business including its subsidiaries. One my comment has been submitted and acceptable my business will be able to fall under the definition of small business as explained by the small business administration. This will further make my business to qualify for government contracts and financial assistance. Regulations.gov.Small Business Size Standards: Industries with Employee Based Size Standards Not Part of Manufacturing, Wholesale Trade, or Retail Trade.Web.14.09.014 :< http://ww

Roe v. Wade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Roe v. Wade - Essay Example To begin with, the ruling gave women the permission to have safe abortion on three grounds based on the stage of pregnancy. The ruling stated that during the first trimester of pregnancy, the decision to procure abortion remained with the pregnant woman’s doctor. On the other hand, during the second trimester, states would regulate abortion procedures by promoting their interests in the health of the mother, while during the third trimester, states would promote their interests regarding the potentiality of human life, and would thus be able to prohibit abortion, lest the mother’s life is in grave danger. The ruling had massive implication on the rights of women in the United States. As Nation Unies (2001) observes on their article on Abortion Policies, the right-to-life movement which initially was dormant, got an immediate rejuvenation with the ruling. The movement thereafter began a campaign that whose aim was to create as many legal barriers to abortion as possible. On the other hand, the abortion rights movement mounted a massive campaign for safe and legal abortion. Unah (2010) notes that the Roe v Wade ruling did actually empower the American women. In addition, he notes that it helped fuel feminist movements across the country and significantly helped solidify the social standing of women across America. Furthermore, a number of scholars are of the agreement that banning of abortion would be contradicting the Thirteenth Amendment, and that this would subject women to involuntary pregnancies. The ruling also stirred controversies between those who were pro-abortion and those who were against it. Faux (2001) notes that questions arose regarding the actual intention of the ruling, on why fetus at 28 weeks were considered more valuable than at 10 weeks, if the sole intention was to protect potential life. With the issue of viability still raging, feminists have

Private School Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Private School Education - Essay Example That would enable the government to support education without necessarily maintaining public institutions. The champions of this voucher system also say that the one-size-fits-all public school system is inappropriate as the model does not cater to the different needs of the students. Opponents of the voucher system, on the other hand, say that it is unfair to take public money meant for public schools and channel the same into the private school where the public has no oversight over how the funds would be used. There is also fear that the private school system may only help to further segment the population alongside religious, social class and other lines. It is entirely possible that the introduction of the voucher system in private schools would provide a magnet for students in public schools. Faced with a larger applicant's pool, private schools would then find it easier to reject applicants deemed undesirable. Unlike public schools, private schools are not obliged to take in one and all. Why the private school vouchers system issue so polarizing Part of the answer lies in the way it has been promoted. California was among the first states to flirt with private schools voucher way back in 1993. A proposal was brought into the legislature of the state that would have taken away as much as 10 per cent of public school funding, with a possibility of further increases on the card if more students moved from public to private schools (Rushefsky, 2002, p. 396). The issue is a political hot potato so much that George W. Bush stopped talking about it in the 2000 election primaries. Two powerful arguments already advanced are essential for a balanced view on the issue. And this article will chronicle the vouchers debate and will attempt to close the difference between the two sides through critically analyzing the pros and cons of the voucher system in private schools. Recurring discussions on the topics are decidedly one-sided. And once a path has been identified, for many an author on the topic, there is no turning back. Two critically acclaimed works on the topic include Rhetoric Versus Reality done by four RAND researchers; Gill, Tiampane, Brewer, Ross and Booker (2007). This book does a fairly good job examining the theoretical underpinnings of vouchers and charter schools and tables the empirical data on their efficacy. The book also looks at how several policy formulations such as the funding, eligibility criteria, academic standards and accountability, may affect the success of the program. Some issues which have yet to be addressed are raised, and although the book is not conclusive on those issues, it leaves room for a more robust consideration of the issues in the future. The other important work on the topic is The Education Gap by Howell and Peterson (2002). Compelling evidence is tabled that African Americans have greatly benefited from the voucher system. Overall, The Education Gap is illustrative on the practicability of the voucher program in private schools and emphatically so in poor urban environments. The point of convergence for both books is that the authors favour random field trials. The sheer volume of applications that are usually received reduces the voucher program into some form of the wager so that those who received the vouchers were merely lucky than needful. There are other studies/articles on the subject. Breaking These Chains is a book by Daniel McGrory, a former Whitehouse speechwriter that in an evangelical fashion roundly criticizes the public school system (1996).        

Cockle Isolates of Vibrio Vulnificus | Research Experiment

Cockle Isolates of Vibrio Vulnificus | Research Experiment Isolation and identification characterization among cockle isolates of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from Selangor, Malaysia Coastal area Mohammed M. Kurdi Al-Dulaimi, Sahilah Abd. Mutalib and Ma`aruf Abd.Ghani Key words: Vibrio vulnificus, cockles, isolation, characterization, Malaysia. ABSTRACT: Vibrio vulnificus infections is worldwide public health problems associated with illnesses resulting from consumption of raw or partially cooked seafood worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and identification of V. vulnificus in cockle collected from local wet (2) and supermarkets (2) from Selangor, Malaysia from July 2013 to February 2014. A total of 78 (n=78) cockle samples were examined for the presence of V. vulnificus and collected from four local supermarkets sites of Selangor hypermarkets, V. vulnificus was present in at about 32% (25/78) of the 78 seafood cockle samples were positive to this bacterium. Colonies morphological observation and biochemical characterization for those isolates showed 60% (15/78) of isolates were classified as biotype 1 and 40% (10/78) belong to biotype 2. INTRODUCTION: Vibrio vulnificus is a motile, asporgenic, halophilic gram-negative bacterium that found worldwide in estuarine and coastal warm waters that frequently contaminates seafood like oysters , cockles , shrimps and other seafood (Horseman and Surani, 2011) infections of V. vulnificus are reported in many different countries ,USA, Europe, Korea, Taiwan , Malaysia and Saudi Arabia(Tamplin et al. 1982; Chuang et al.1992; Dalsgaard et al. 1999; Hlady and Klontz 1996; Elhadi et al.,2004; Elhadi 2012; Paydar and Thong 2013). Three major syndromes of clinical illness caused by pathogenic vibrio: septicemia, gastroenteritis and wound infections. The majority of these infections is foodborne and associated with consumption of raw or undercooked variety of seafood, including shrimp, fish, oysters and clams (Bisharat et al., 1999). Probability of septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis increased in the patients with liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus that reduce host resistance to bacterial infections owing to the immunocom-promised status (Ito et al., 2012). V. vulnificus is a bacterial species that is virulent for humans and fish ,In terms of virulence, it has been classified based on phenotypical and serological characteristics(Biosca et al.,1997 ; Tison et al., 1982), therefore V.vulnificus isolates classified into three biotypes, biotypes 1 and 3 are classified as a human isolates and biotype 2 is classified fish and eel isolates , The virulence mechanism of biotype 2 V. vulnificus strains in eels remains unclear, although some virulence factors have been proposed. The extracellular products of biotype 2 strains exhibit hydrolytic/toxic activities and lethality for the eel similar to those produced by the biotype 1 strain (Biosca and Amaro 1996). However, a few human infections caused by biotype 2 isolates have been reported worldwide. This study aims to isolateion and identifiy characterization of the V. vulnificus among cockle from Selangor, Malaysia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples collection and preparing For this In the present study, cockle samples (n=78) were purchased from wet markets (2) and hypermarkets (2) in Selangor-Malaysia from July 2013 to February 2014 .The cockles were washed in distilled water and scrubbed free of dirt and shucked with a sterile scalpel and cut to small pieces with sterile scissor, 25 g of muscle and intravalvar fluid were collected homogenized into sterile stomacher bags containing 225 ml of Akaline Salt Peptone Water (ASPW) (Oxoid, England) with 3% (w/v) NaCl. Samples were homogenized with using stomacher (Stomacher Lab-Blender 400) for 2 minutes. enriched in alkaline peptone salt water and The solution was diluted and then spread onto ______(what medium) medium and incubated for 18-24 hours at 37Â ºC. Isolation and morphological characterization All samples were analyzed for potentially pathogenic Vibrios. All samples enriched in APW[DS1] and transferred a loop full of enrichment broth on to Thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar (TCBS)(Difco Laboratories, USA) and CHROMagar Vibrio (CV)(CHROMagar, France) and incubated for 24 h at 37Â ºC. After incubation colonies suspected to be V. vulnficus were picked up from the TCBS[DS2] agar and CV plates and cultured on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) to obtain pure colonies.[DS3] (Elhadi 2012).V. vulnificus produce green colonies on TCBS and blue green (Turquoise) on Chromagar Vibrio, these colonies were picked up to nutrient agar slant and stored at 4Â °C for morphological and biochemical identification. Biochemical characterization The isolates were identified at the species level with the use of biochemical tests that may differentiated among closer species of vibrio that gave similar morphological characteristics on selective media, in this study we use some biochemical tests that distinguish among V. vulnificus and other vibrio species such as V. parahemolyticus. [DS4] Indole Production The ability of bacteria to splitting of tryptophan to indole tested , test tubes contain 9 ml of tryptone water inoculated with loop full of V. vulnificus culture and incubated for 24- 48 h at 37Â ºC, adding 1 ml of Kovac`s indicator(P-dimethyl amnobenzaldehyde in amyl) , positive reaction immediately forming red color ring in the broth. [DS5] Oxidase test :[DS6] Bacterial colonies were transferred with a sterile glass rod to filter paper moistened with oxidase reagent. Appearance of a dark purple color within few seconds was considered a positive reaction. Tolerance to NaCl :[DS7] Tolerance to NaCl was determined by the addition of NaCl to 1 % peptone broth with percentage of 0, 3, 6 and 10 % (w/v) [DS8]and cultures were examined for growth after 2 days at 37oC. RESULTS Isolation of V. vulnificus: [DS9] A total of 78 cockle samples were obtained from four different location of kajang.30, 28, 10 and 10 cockle samples were collected from pasar kajang, gaint bangi , gaint kajang and pasar bangi respectively, from August 2013 until January 2014, 11 sample (36%) of pasar Kajang was positive, 9 samples (32%) of Gaint Bangi was positive, 3 samples (30%) of Gaint Kajang was positive and 2 (20%) of Pasar Bangi was positive for V. vulnificus (table 1), The highest numbers of V. vulnificus were isolated from pasar kajang and gaint bangi , the lowest numbers of V. vunlificus were isolated from gaint kajang (Fig.1).[DS10] Table 1 percentage[DS11] of presence of V. vulnificus in cockle samples. Figure 1 percentage of positive samples. Morphological and biochemical identification: V. vulnificus in this study were identified as biotype I because all the isolates were positive for indole production. CHROMagar Vibrio (CHROMagar; Paris,France) was used in this study in conjunction with TCBS agar because of its ability to isolate and identifyV. vulnificus compared to the TCBS agar. CHROMagar Vibrio uses chromogenic technology to allow for the isolation and detection of V. vulnificus resulting in development dark blue colonies which can be distinguished from other Vibrio species as shown in Fig. 2. V. vulnificus were isolated from 25 of the 78 samples analyzed, and were identified with picked up single colonies on selective media for morphological identification, V.vulnificus isolates appeared as green colonies on TCBS medium and appeared as blue green colonies on Chromagar Vibrio medium Fig 2, green color on TCBS refer to inability of this bacteria to produce acids from sucrose, colonies on ChromagarTM Vibrio medium are accurately (99%) detect V. vulnificus isolates and differentiate it from other vibrio species. Fig 2 V vulnificus isolates on TCBS (A) and Chromagar Vibrio (B). Biochemical characterization: Distinguish between the different vibrios on the basis of colony morphology not always possible, the identification of Vibrio spp. is problematic because of phenotypic similarity of some species, there for we should be do biochemical tests to confirm the results obtained from morphological identification. V. vulnificus is divided into three biotypes according to their different biochemical and biological properties (Linkous and Oliver 1999).Twenty-five strains identified as V. vulnificus were submitted to biochemical tests. All isolates used in this study were positive for oxidase test (100%), all isolates grow on solid selective media (TCBS and CV agar). Salt tolerance show that 100% of isolates grow in 3% NaCl whiles no growth in 0 % of NaCl (table 2) because this bacterium is halophilic and it is abundantly present in estuarine ecosystems throughout the world. Table 2 biochemical tests of V. vulnificus isolates. DISCUSSION Isolation and morphological identification of V. vulnificus: The main objective of this study was to detect the incidence of pathogenic V. vulnificus in cockle samples collected from five sites in Malaysia, 25 of 78 cockle samples were positive for V. vulnificus (table 1), high percentage of cockles positive for V. vulnificus attributed to filter-feeding mollusks such as oysters, clams and mussels have high concentrations of the bacteria in their guts and other tissues (Strom and Paranjpye 2000). A chromogenic medium used for differentiation of V. vulnificus which contains bile salts and high NaCl and pH. This medium selects mainly three vibrio species (V. vulnificus, V. cholera and V. parahemolyticus) easily to differentiate among these species depend upon colony color whereas V. vulnificus isolates gave distinctive blue green color, various biochemical tests were used for more identification (Elhadi 2012). Biochemical identification: On the basis of differences in biochemical property V. vulnificus includes two biotypes (Tison et al. 1982). In this study, V. vulnificus biotype 1 and 2 were isolated. Isolates from human infections and environmental sources were described as indole positive and belong to biotype 1, whereas strains recovered from diseased eels were indole-negative and classified as biotype 2. (Amaro et al., 1992; Biosca et al., 1996; Radu et al., 1998).Ability to produce indole from trypton show 60% of isolates positive classified as biotype 1, and 40% was negative to indole production classified as biotype 2 (table 2), that indole production was the single biochemical trait which distinguished biotype 1 and biotype 2 (Tison et al. 1982). All isolates in this study were positive for oxidase, majority of V. vulnificus have cytochrome c oxidase enzyme, V. vulnificus is a halophilic marine bacterium tolerant for NaCl from 1% to 10% whereas most of V. vulnificus isolates tolerant up to 6% NaCl (table 2) but no growth in 10% NaCl and 0% of NaCl (Dalsgaard et al., 1999; Elhadi, 2012). V. vulnificus grow in wide range of temperature from 13Â °C to 40Â °C, optimal temperature for isolates in this study was 37Â °C that is an optimal temperature for pathogenic bacteria. REFERENCES Horseman, M.A. and Surani, S. (2011). A comprehensive review of Vibrio vulnificus: an important cause of severe sepsis and skin and soft-tissue infection. Int. J. of Infect. Dis., 15(3):157-166. Bisharat, N., Agmon, V., Finkelstein, R., Raz, R., Ben-Dror, G., Lerner, L., et al.(1999) .Clinical, epidemiological, and microbiological features of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 3causing outbreaks of wound infection and bacteraemia in Israel. The Lancet 354(9188):1421–1424. Biosca EG, Amaro C, Larsen JL, Pedersen K (1997) Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Vibrio vulnificus: proposal for the substitution of the subspecific taxon biotype for serovar. Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 1460–1466. Tison, D.L., Nishibuchi, M., Greenwood, J.D., Seidler, R.J.(1982). Vibrio vulnificus biogroup2: new biogroup pathogenic for eels. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 44,640–646. Biosca, E. G., and Amaro C.(1996).Toxic and enzymatic activities of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 with respect to host specificity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2331–2337. Paydar M, Thong K.L.(2013). Prevalence and genetic characterization of Vibrio vulnificus in raw seafood and seawater in Malaysia. J Food Prot.76(10):1797-1800. Linkous D.A. and Oliver J.D.( 1999). Pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus, FEMS Microbiol. Letters. 174 :207-214. Hlady WG , Klontz KC(1996). The Epidemiology of Vibrio Infections in Florida, 1981-1993, J. of Infec. Dis. 173(5):1176-1183. Elhadi N, Radu S, Chen CH, Nishibuchi M.(2004) Prevalence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species in the seafood marketed in Malaysia. Journal of Food Protection; 67(7): 1469-75. Chuang, Y.C., Yuan, C.Y., Liu, C.Y., Lan, C.K. Huang, A.H. (1992). Vibrio vulnificus infection in Taiwan: report of 28 cases and review of clinical manifestations and treatment. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 15: 271–276. Elhadi, N. (2012). Antibiotic Resistance and Plasmid Profiling of Clinically Significant Vibrio vulnificus Isolated from Coastal Water in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 3(2): 93-97. Radu, S., Elhadi, N. Hassan, Z. Rusul, G. Lihan,S. Fifadara, N. Yuherman and E. Purwati, 1998.Characterization of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from cockles (Anadara granosa): Antimicrobial resistance,plasmid profiles and random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis. FEMS. Microbiol.Lett.,165: 139-143. Ito, H., Shibayama A., Abe M., Antoku S., Nawata H., Isonishi M., Fujita M., Kato S. (2012). Vibrio vulnificus septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis in the patients with liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus. J. of Diabetes Mellitus :2(1)122-125. Dalsgaard, I., HÃ ¸i, L., Siebeling, R. J. Dalsgaard, A. (1999). Indole-positive Vibrio vulnificus isolated from disease outbreaks on a Danish eel-farm. Dis Aquat Organ 35, 187–194. Amaro, C., Biosca, E. G., Esteve, C., Fouz, B. Toranzo, A. E. (1992). Comparative study of phenotypic and virulence properties in V. vulnificus biotype 1 and 2 obtained from a European eel farm experiencing mortalities. Dis Aquat Organ 13, 29–35. Tamplin M, Rodrick G.E., Blake N.J., Cuba T.(1982). Isolation and characterization of Vibrio vulnificus from two Florida estuaries. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44:1466–1470. [DS1]Write in ful, and short capital letter with bracket after that [DS2]Write in full [DS3]Shouldn’t has dot please [DS4]Omit this part [DS5]Not clear please clarify [DS6]remove [DS7]remove [DS8] please add [DS9]remove [DS10]make sure the valu tele with your abstract [DS11]Shouldn write in bold, please write properly and precise. Too simple is not describsable [DS12]write in full [DS13]remove this column

Essay --

There are six-teen Sovereign State; Queen Elizabeth II is the queen of these states. These states are known as the Commonwealth Realms. During the toughest times Queen Elizabeth II helped and lead people through war and depression. She has made a positive impact on the UK and people world-wide. Queen Elizabeth was born on April 21, 1926 at 2:20 am in London. She grew up in London. Her parents took over royal lodge as their country home, when she was 6. There she had her own little small house. After that her grandfather died, which made King Edward VIII, the eldest son, the king. Before the year was over King Edward VIII gave up the throne to be with the woman he loved. Her dad, King George VI, became King and she was first in line to the throne. While her dad was king she got a good education. Queen Elizabeth and her sister, Princess Margaret, were homeschooled. Together they learned history, language, literature, music, mathematics, geography. She speaks fluent French. Elizabeth was privately tutored in constitutional history from Henry Marten and Vice- Provost of Eton College....

“The Evacuation of Children in World War Two Was a Great Success”

How far do the sources you have used support this interpretation of evacuation in World War Two? (25 marks) Before the War in September 1939, the government understood the risk of air raids and the danger they bring upon major cities in England. Plans for evacuation started as early as 15 years before in 1924; the Air Raid Precaution Committee (ARPC) identified London as the main target, with children as the biggest concern.The government identified, after the ARPC produced a report on the potential disasters of air raid attacks in 1925, that maintaining civilian morale was a priority, and that the fear of bombing would bring it down. So, to prevent low morale (and also to ensure safety for what would be the future generation and social regeneration of Britain), the technique of evacuation was introduced. ‘Success’, in this case, is somewhat difficult to measure as it is a broad term when it comes to asking if it can be seen as a success in terms of numbers: ‘did the government send out as many people as they hoped to? or as a question of the success in the ‘well being of the evacuees’, and questioned as the overall safety of the evacuees: if death and casualty had been avoided/prevented. These sources help to show whether or not evacuation in World War Two was a ‘success’. Evacuation can be seen as a success if the evacuees, specifically children were ‘happy’. This is important as being considered ‘successful’ as whether or not they were treated well and were happy would influence the public morale of the citizens remaining in the city.For example, source one shows a group of children with their accompanying teacher in a Berkshire village, 1939. They appear to be ‘happy’ and well looked after; they seem well dressed and smiling in a peaceful, unthreatening looking setting, safely away from the danger of bombs/air raids. Also, as a teacher is shown to be with them, success id further proven in that the government managed to continue educational services throughout the operation (this point is additionally shown in sources three and four).This suggests evacuation was a success. Though, as the photo shows evacuation in a positive light, it could suggest a propaganda element. However, though possible, it seems unlikely that the photo is staged making it reliable to determine evacuation as a success through child ‘well-being’ and happiness. Furthermore, a view of it being successful in this way is source three, a newspaper extract from Kent, September 1939. The overall impression given is that evacuation was very much a successful operation.According to the source for the majority, it was a ‘happy adventure and homesickness quickly fled’. Again, this suggests success in the well being of the evacuees, though the source goes on to show this further saying that children were ‘eating high teas beyond their dreams and went up to bedrooms larger than thought possible’. From this we can infer that evacuation was a success in the way that children were living better out in the countryside not only for safety, but for lifestyle as well.However, this source is much less reliable that source one as it appears to be in fact very biased as a newspaper trying to imply the best out of evacuation to keep morale high, so it is harder to derive a conclusion of success from the source. Another way in which success is shown through the sources is that evacuation did the job that it was set out to do: to protect the children, and those who are at most risk, from the danger of war, specifically bombing in the city. Source five is a picture showing a bombed school playground in London.From this, we can infer that this is an example of what the government was trying to move children/evacuees away from. It also shows how, being a school playground, children were indeed at risk, thus, by sending the children away, they were, as far as we know, doing a good job of keeping them safe. Overall, this source shows that evacuation was successful as we can infer that children would clearly be safer out of the city, thus justifying evacuation itself. To further justify evacuation and therefore show its success in keeping evacuees safe, source six shows casualties in Liverpool.It shows that the death rate was generally over 100 and even in May 1941, at 1453. Again, this justifies the need to evacuate and the safety achieved through evacuation. Finally, sources three shows the success in evacuation as the sources show effectiveness and good organisation as a success of evacuation. This encompasses overall efficiency and pre-evacuation planning. To be able to transport the huge amount of 1million (intended 4million) to the countryside required this efficiency and overall, sources three and source two mention the efficiency and order of the transport (trains) and organisation in the countryside.In source three, a newspaper article from Kent, says that the departures were efficient, reflecting that it was seen to that ‘each child got milk and food’, and followed up with ‘no confusion’. Even source two, though showing evacuation in a negative way, also comments that the trains ‘ran to time’ and that evacuation came ‘complete with teachers’. Having teachers is shown in sources one, three and four as well. In source one, it is shown as a teacher with a group of children, in three there are mentioned ‘teachers in charge’ and in four, the graph shows about 103,000 teachers were evacuated.The fact that they were able to organise having teachers for the children, as well as having sufficient transport for a million people, shows great planning and effectiveness of the evacuation programme as a success in World War Two. On the other hand, evacuation can be seen as unsuccessful through the sources. One point is that of numbers; according to source four, ‘4 million had been planned for but only 1. 5million went’.Source four is most probably reliable as it is a textbook extract, with the main aim of ‘to inform’, and thus the historian writing this has no reason to twist the truth. Even though this shows efficiency, it shows how evacuation was not successful, as it didn’t go according to government’s plans. It also could suggest that the public didn’t see quite the same urgency to evacuate as the government. This interpretation is further shown as one of the sources is a propaganda poster discouraging mothers to bring their children back to the city.This shows this unsuccessful side to evacuation as it shows that mothers needed this encouragement though posters. This shows how evacuation was unsuccessful in encouraging the public. Source seven suggests that social barriers were broken with the ‘effect of showing one side of the nation to the other’, however two sources suggest different: source 2, a source showing a mainly negative view on evacuation, implies that the social responsibility was not evenly spread and that ‘the poor housed the poor and the wealthy evaded their responsibilities’. This is an alternate view that people weren’t treating the evacuees correctly that goes against mainly source one and three. Source one and three are both from the start of the war (1939 specifically) and therefore could be seen as too specific to generalise a positive experience for the duration on the war and that perhaps source two, a negative view, is a better outlook, despite being a secondary source, on the success of the war as it shows a view over time. Considering all the elements that determine whether ‘The evacuation of children in World War Two was a great success’, I believe that evacuation was in fact a success in most ways of measuring ‘success’: the overall operation fulfilled it’s aims of protecting children from bombs to safer quieter areas of the country (like source one depicts) and that the government did so in an orderly, effective fashion. However, I would not call the evacuation programme a ‘completely’ a success nor a ‘great success’ thorough considering that fewer went than planned and that it is difficult to derive a positive experience from the evacuees themselves. A ‘great success’ suggests complete fulfilment of original plans and a large majority happy and well treated in the operation. Not all sources agree with this, thus, overall, I conclude my agreement that evacuation in World War Two was successful, though not a ‘great’ success.

Public Distribution System in India Essays

Public Distribution System in India Essays Public Distribution System in India Paper Public Distribution System in India Paper Public Distribution System is one of the important elements of Governments Foods Security System. Through PDS goverment facilitates the supply of food grains to the poor at subsidized rates. PDS involves management of supply of essential commodities at affordable prices to the identified beneficuaries. It also works as instrument for moderating the open market prices of food. Food security at each level of individual is the first requirement for a healthy and productive life.  The concept of PDS in India appeared during 1942 for the 1st time as a result of shortage of food grains during the 2nd world war. Consequently government started intervention in the release of food . rationing in India was started in 1939 in bombay by British government as a measure to ensure equitable distribution of food grains to the urban consumers in the face of rising prices. Due to rising inflationary pressure in the economy government had to reintroduced rationing in 1950. India retained public distribution system of food grains as a focused social policy in 1951. in the First Five Year Plan, the scope of PDS was broadened to cover all such areas which suffered from stable food shortages. However food production dropped in the year 1958 when the 2nd plan had just commenced. This factor forced the government to restart procuremetn of food grains and cereals and control on trading of food grains. Indias Food Security System with a network of 4. 8 lakhs fair price shops is the largest retail system of its type in the world. Since 1951 PDS is deliberate social policy with the objectives of : (i) Providing food grains and other essential items to vulnerable sections of the society at reasonable (subsidized) prices (ii) To put an indirect check on the open market prices of various items and (iii) To attempt socialization in the matter of distribution of essential commodities.   The history of PDS in India can be divided into four phases . The first phase was from its origin to 1960, a period when the system was extended to other cities. During this phase distribution of food was usually dependent on imports of food grain. The second phase from 1960 to 1978 introduced many organisational changes. Specially in response to the food crisis of the mid-1960, the goverment of India took a hoilstic approach to food security, procurement and storage. The third phase, from 1978 to 1991 was marked by large growth of PDS, supported by domestic procurement and storage. The fourth phase , from 1991 to present, is one in which policy of universal PDS has been replaced by a targeted policy in line with the objectives of liberlization. Thus, over the entire period, the PDS grew from a rationing scheme in selected cities to a national universal programme of food distribution and then to a policy targeted at the income-poor. The policy purpose is to produce available storage ability necessary for (i) buffer and ready stock of food grains to supply to the Public Distribution System and (ii) the public sector which are engaged in building large scale storage/ warehousing capacity, namely, Food Corporation of India (FCI), Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) and 17 State Warehousing Corporations (SWCs). While the ability accessible with FCI is used mainly for storage of food grains, but CWC and SWCs is used for storage of food grains and also other notified commodities. The Warehousing (Development and Regulation) Act 2007 was enacted and notified in September 2007. dependence on the capacity under Cover and Plinth (CAP). There are three agencies in General Warehousing. The Act ensures that the farmers are able to keep their goods in certified warehouses and se warehouses receipt as a negotiable instrument. With the full execution of this Act, farmers would find it easy to take loans from commercial banks against negotiable warehouse receipts and not resort to distress sales to take care of their urgent cash needs. The Act has since been given effect to in September, 2010. A regulatory Authority namely Warehousing Development Regulatory Authority (WDRA) has been set up on 26. 10. 2010 under the Act to register and regulate warehouses issuing negotiable warehouse receipts and to implement other Provision of the Act. Food Procurement Policy Public Distribution System in India The stockpile of food grains available with the government agencies as on 1 July 2002 was 63. 01 million tonnes (mt) - ( 21. 94 mt of rice and 41. 07 mt of wheat). This was well above the prescribed buffer stock norms. While the changing demand patterns is one reason for the buildup of surplus food grains, another factor is the propensity of consecutive governments to fix minimum support prices (MSP) for paddy and wheat in excess of the levels prescribed by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices Transportation and Storage: Transportation and storage from procurement centre to the regional depots is the responsibility of FCI. Transportation is generally arranged through private contractors. Lifting of grains from the regional depots to the issue centre is mainly the responsibility of the civil supplies corporation of the state government. From the issue centre to FPSs it is the responsibility of FPSs, except in state of Andhra Pradesh where the state government provides transportations . Proper storage of such large stocks is an important aspect of Public Distribution System (PDS). The main goal is to keep the cost down and to prevent deterioration in stocks. The various agencies are engaged in this process. But there is chances of corruption during the transportation as a case came into existence in Ambala district of Haryana state . A truck having 200 KT. heat as a part of AAY scheme under PDS was taking it in the open market to be sold was captured by the police. Hence there is possibility of corruption in PDS, if the transportation system is hired from private agencies. Goals of PDS The goal of PDS does not restrict itself with the distribution of rationed articles. Making available adequate quantities of essential articles at all times, in places accessible to all, at prices affordable to all and protection of th e weaker section of the population from the vicious spiral of rising prices is the broad spectrum of PDS. More specifically, the goals of PDS are: Make goods available to consumers, especially the disadvantaged / vulnerable sections of society at fair prices; Rectify the existing imbalances between the supply and demand for consumer goods; Check and prevent hoarding and black marketing in essential commodities; Ensure social justice in distribution of basic necessities of life; Even out fluctuations in prices and availability of mass consumption goods; and Support poverty-alleviation programmes, particularly, rural employment programmes, (SGRY/SGSY/IRDP/ Mid day meals, ICDS, DWCRA, SHGs and Food for Work and educational (feeding programmes). Problems: The problems of Public Distribution System have not been uniform in the country. In some states the administration is weak and corrupt. In these states deficiencies regarding huge shortage of stocks, fake supply entries in ration cards, diversion of commodities for sale to open market and bogus ration cards are noted. PDS suffers from irregular and poor quality of food grain made available through Fair Price Shops (FPS). The position in rural areas in this respect is much worse Public Distribution System in India than urban areas . The PDS in rural areas has not been given much attention. Most of the FPSs are economically non- viable which is The main reason for this low rate of commission. The storage facilities in India are not sufficient to cope with the problems. There is also a possibility of corruption at local level. The procurement system in India is not uniform. The distribution system of essential commodities is so meager that it can hardly suffice the need of a family. And even for this the consumers have to make repeated visits to the ration shops in their respective areas. Most of the times they come back empty handed with assurance that ration would be made available to them in the next week. The Challenges There are many systemic challenges that plague the PDS system today and the key ones are described below: 1. PDS Leakages The TPDS currently suffers from a number of issues that make it difficult for it to meet its objective of ensuring that the allotted quota of specified food articles reaches the intended underprivileged/needy segments of society: A large number of families living below the poverty line have not been enrolled and therefore do not have access to ration cards A number of bogus ration cards which do not correspond to real families, exist in the BPL AAY categories. Food drawn on the basis of these bogus cards is a significant leakage from the system, as it does not reach the intended beneficiaries. Additionally, these extra cards inflate the number of BPL and AAY cards in circulation and further reduce the amount of food available to every rightful beneficiary family. A number of instances where benefits are being availed in the names of rightfully entitled families without their knowledge. This shadow ownership is possible due to inefficiencies in ration card issuance and distribution Errors in categorization of families that lead to BPL families getting APL cards and vice versa. A significant portion of benefits provided to the APL category under the TPDS, are not availed by the intended beneficiaries and are instead diverted out of the system. In summary, targeting is not serving its real purpose, as the beneficiaries do not get food grains in accordance with their entitlements. Scale and Quality of Issue – The scale of issue and the quality of food grains delivered to the beneficiary is rarely in conformity with the policy. Many FPS are open only for a few days in a month and beneficiaries who do not visit the FPS on these days are denied their right. The FPS also use multiple excuses to both charge higher rates and deliver reduced quantity of food grains. There are also significant differences in the manner in which the Centre and States arrive at the number of BPL families. This mismatch usually means lower allotments for each family as states arrive at higher numbers of BPL families. As this problem may not go away even after reduction of duplicates, a standard way of doing this must be arrived at for each state to resolve this issue. System Transparency and Accountability –The most serious flaw plaguing the system at present is the lack of transparency and accountability in its functioning. The system lacks transparency and accountability at all levels making monitoring the system extremely difficult. Public Distribution System in India Grievance Redressal Mechanisms – There are numerous entities like Vigilance Committee, Anti-Hoarding Cells constituted to ensure smooth functioning of the PDS system. Their impact is virtually non-existent on the ground and as a result, malpractices abound to the great discomfiture of the common man. Apart from the challenges described, transportation of food grains and appointment of dealers of Fair Price Shops have also become difficult issues. Viability of the FPS is already a major concern and this would get amplified once PDS leakages are brought under control.

Thinking style Essays

Thinking style Essays Thinking style Essay Thinking style Essay What do my results tell me about my individual thinking style or my thought process range? My results were that I was focused. It tells me that I understand what I need to do and the steps that need to be taken to get there. It shows my determination and ability to grasp information. It displayed that I would be more successful at practical Jobs that involves problem solving. My results also states that Im good with research which means I rapidly learn new tasks and commit to different resistances easily. Also Im innovative which is thinking out side of the box. Exploring ideas and utilizing them for my benefit. I adapt to change which show that Im a versatile individual. It also states that I strategies and Im an entrepreneur thinker. I have also notice that all of my results are consistence Will I think been able to solve complex arguments can help me analyze what Im going to present.. My style can influence my approach to argument because its who I am. For there are the hints that are of me and is characteristic of which I am then this will display in my work. Lets say for instance that I was a lazy individual then my work will most defiantly reflect that. My work would reflect the work of someone who does there research and also have the ability to think outside the box. Persuasive communication can help me in my career by helping me strengthen my communication skills. Persuasive communication Can also help me gain confidence in the products or presentation I may present!

Questions and Answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions and Answers - Assignment Example The misuse of hard liquor is itself a social harm, with additional economic costs as well as increased health consequences in the long-term (Mathurin & Deltenre, 2009). For parents sending their teenagers off to college, the survey results are but a sobering reminder that not all activities in college are caged in slide rules and long hours at the library. Noteworthy, such negative publicity informs public opinion, whether true or falls, on the type of policies operationalized in such institutions. The study deviates a little from the survey rankings and so seeks to determine whether there is any relationship/connection between a student’s gender and binge drinking in such institutions of higher learning. To get the answers sought after, the study will sample opinions of students on whether such negative partying has any relationship with one’s gender. The study will utilize a sample size of 100 students, with each selected using simple random sampling

Critically discuss the importance of corporate sponsorship in the Essay

Critically discuss the importance of corporate sponsorship in the event Industry - Essay Example Sponsorship is not only a tool to help a marketer reach new audiences, but also a marketing technique to enhance brand image. This paper explains the conceptual frameworks and theoretical underpinning of corporate sponsorship in the event industry and illustrates its importance in modern marketing situations. Corporate sponsorship and its significance in today’s marketing environment will be examined with a view to recognize why many companies are spending huge amounts in sponsoring events. Corporate Sponsorship Keillor (2007, P. 242) defined sponsorship as cash or in-kind fee that is paid to a property such as a sports event, entertainment, non-profit event, organization etc in return for accessing to the exploitable commercial opportunities associated with that property. More specifically, a company may sponsor all or a part of the expenditures of sports or other types of events in return to advertise the company. Event sponsorship include athletic events, tennis or golf tou rnament, college or university games and sports, Olympics, art and cultural program, entertainment and festivals etc. Sponsorship is more useful in reminding the public about the product or service or their features, rather than informing or persuading them towards the business. Keillor (2007, P. 242) also pointed that sponsorship involves a fee paid in advance for future potential communication values, but advertising offers a more knowable and more controlled communication. As compared to advertising and sales promotion, that are the major two components of IMC, sponsorship is small, but expenditures on corporate sponsorship is increasing, mainly because many companies are finding the results they expected from the sponsorship. As Shimp (2008, P. 563) observed, brand marketers were estimated to spend $ 40 billion on event sponsorships in 2008. US marketers alone spent approximately $ 15 billion sponsoring in 2008. In 2009, the International Events Group Sponsorship Report estimate d that sponsorship expenditures as $ 45.2 billion (Donovan and Henley, 2010, p. 364). Worldwide expenditures on sponsorship have been increasing for last many years mainly due to that many large companies have found it to be an effective marketing strategy for better communicating the brand messages. Sponsorships: worth the money spent? One of the major criticisms is that sponsorship is merely a money waste. Shimp (2008, p. 567) argued that sponsorship is an enormous money waste and a drain on the marketing budget without well planned, structured and well thought business case as well as financial plan. Often, the expenditures spent on sponsorships with a view to build brand loyalty seems not worth. Many critics also argued that sponsorship arrangement involve little more than managerial or corporate ego trips. Many businesses go for sponsoring sports or other events with a view to meet famous athletes, gain great and luxurious accommodation etc. Sponsorship and expenditures pent fo r it can be justified from the marketing view point if there is a proof that brand equity as targeted could be achieved and financial objectives were met as planned. Sponsorship may not be an effective brand communication strategy for a start up business, small scale marketer, newly launched business etc, since these marketers are not already established, but sponsorship